Financial Time Series Forecasting with Deep Learning

The Data Exchange Podcast: Murat Özbayoğlu on applications of deep learning to investing and asset management.


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In this episode of the Data Exchange I speak with Murat Özbayoğlu, Chair of Artificial Intelligence Engineering at TOBB University of Economics and Technology in Ankara, Turkey.  I wanted Murat on to discuss two survey papers he and his colleagues wrote on the use of deep learning in finance:

  1. Financial Time Series Forecasting with Deep Learning : A Systematic Literature Review: 2005-2019
  2. Deep Learning for Financial Applications : A Survey

Download the 2020 NLP Survey Report and learn how companies are using and implementing natural language technologies.

I’ve long been fascinated with finance and trading. My first job after I left academia was as the lead quant in a hedge fund, and ever since, I’ve tried to stay abreast of what tools and techniques quants and data scientists in finance are using. Forecasting in this setting usually means price prediction or price movement (trend) prediction. Output of forecasting models are used to inform investment decisions. What makes finance particularly challenging is that many people are using the same underlying data (time series of prices/values), and thus as Murat notes, many firms use alternative data sources (such as text) as potential sources of additional signal.

Murat and his colleagues systematically go through the literature and they assembled thirteen tables summarizing research into deep learning in key areas of investing and asset management:

    Stock Price Forecasting Using Only Raw Time Series Data
    Stock Price Forecasting Using Various Data
    Stock Price Forecasting Using Text Mining Techniques for Feature Extraction
    Index Forecasting Using Only Raw Time Series Data
    Index Forecasting Using Various Data
    Commodity Price Forecasting
    Volatility Forecasting
    Forex Price Forecasting
    Cryptocurrency Price Prediction
    Trend Forecasting Using Only Raw Time Series Data
    Trend Forecasting Using Technical Indicators & Price Data & Fundamental Data
    Trend Forecasting Using Text Mining Techniques
    Trend Forecasting Using Various Data

A major caveat is that finance people are secretive and it’s unlikely that they will publish their most effective strategies.  Murat reminded me of a joke from finance: “If it’s interesting we’ll keep it to ourselves, if it’s not interesting we’ll publish it!”

Topic-Model Heatmap, from Financial Time Series Forecasting with Deep Learning : A Systematic Literature Review: 2005-2019
 

Nonetheless, understanding how deep learning can be used for forecasting time series – not just financial time series – is important. We also discuss how organizations should be using machine learning for time series forecasting (as part of ensembles), and the pros and cons of various forecasting techniques.

As Murat notes, currently these deep learning models are best suited for models that are trained offline so realtime applications like high-frequency trading aren’t common:

    “If you want to apply these deep learning techniques in realtime to high-frequency data and you want to train online, that’s a big challenge. … Most of the studies involve offline training … triggering a buy signal and holding for a few days … For such a model you don’t need as much speed, you have all the time in the world.”

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[Image by Tumisu from Pixabay]